[In classical physics (appliable to macroscopic phenomena), empty space-time is called the vacuum. The classical vacuum is utterly featureless. However, in quantum mechanics (appliable to microscopic phenomena), the vacuum is a much more complex entity. It is far from featureless and far from empty. The quantum vacuum is just one particular state of a quantum field (corresponding to some particles). It is the quantum mechanical state in which no field quanta are excited, that is, no particles are present. Hence, it is the "ground state" of the quantum field, the state of minimum energy.]
Inflationary theory is now believed to be true.
although we don't know what preceded the big bang and the inflation of inflationary theory.
The basic idea is that a quantum fluctuation was responsible for creating something out of nothing.
it's a physically reasonable idea, meaning, that with our current understanding of physics and the parameters and conditions of our current model for the universe, it is a possible way in which reality was created.
I had always figured that the most incredible thing is not that something was created out of nothing. The simple fact that we are "here" shows that something must exist. if it had always existed, the question would be, "where did it come from?" and "how did it come into being?" so it's the same question.
For me, seeing as we have a huge clue (we are here) then the creation of the universe was not only a possibility, but an inevitably. It seems to me, that if there was any possibility that reality or matter, or our universe could be created, then it would be created. Why? well, because before there was anything, there was nothing. so the idea or concept of time, is irrelevant. so whether it took 500 billion, trillion eons for reality to be created, or a single 100 to the 10000000000 power fraction of a second to be created, both periods of time, would be possible, true and equal, seeing as with nothing, there is no time. time begins when we are created, so our creation was "immediate" as far as could possibly be determined.
So, now that our creation is inevitable, the question becomes, if there was nothing, not even the laws of physics. how did existence, or the quantum fluctuation know that it could occur? what allowed it to happen? Heisenberg's uncertainty principle tells us that quantum fluctuations are a necessary part of the universe, and the exchange of virtual particles is essential to physical reality.
One idea is that the fluctuation occurred in a higher dimensional space where the laws of physics were different and an alternative reality in another dimension already existed. if that was the case, then the quantum fluctuation only needed to be long enough for inflation to occur.
This idea of creation suggests that there are "universes", in fact, infinite universes and possibly, as quantum physics shows, there may be multiple universes in existence. In this scenario, our universe represents one of many universes, residing as a "bubble" within a grander, hyperspace along with other universes.
These other universes may have physical constants that differ slightly, such as the strength of the different forces (strong, weak), the acceleration of their inflation, the speed of light, etc. The constants of a given universe depends on details of how symmetry broke (the different forces), and how different manifestations of a unifying force, may be different.
Another possibility is that quantum fluctuations may occur after the original fluctuation, which may create multiple universes, which continue to branch off eternal chaotic inflation, with a series of separate universes.
another way of getting multiple universes may be through black holes, which may create "baby universes" this is seen in the contemplation and math of 'worm holes" black holes may create a new dimension that expands rapidly. one possibility is that the new universe may be different. or it could be that the new universes have the same characteristics as the parent universe. so they may be similar.
the bottom line is that there are a lot of ways to define "multiverses"
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